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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for international cooperation
9 results foundAuthor: Bayer, Michael D. Title: The Blue Planet: Informal International Police Networks and National Intelligence Summary: A fundamental doctrine of the United States is the system of checks and balances, a system wherein political power is dispersed among various governmental elements so that no particular interests or segments can dominate the government — or the people. One of the most strident criticisms of the former Bush-Cheney administration has been that in the time of crisis and immediately after, and in the years following the 9/11 terror attacks, executive (presidential) authority had been greatly expanded during the strategic response to those attacks and was, according to some, abused — thereby skewing our revered system of checks and balances. Certain segments of governments are acknowledged to be tools of political power — particularly subject to political influences. In the United States the military is exceptionally susceptible to the political designs of the President and the administration because he is their direct-line Commander in Chief. It is also widely acknowledged that intelligence services are part of the political epicenter of governments, because they too are a vitally important direct-line tool of national leadership. As it happened, these are the two segments of our government that benefited most, in terms of power, mission, and funding, from the prosecution of the United States’ Global War on Terrorism. In fact, it had been asserted by former Vice President Cheney on U.S. national television (FOX) that the war on terrorism was an effort to be waged by the U.S. military and the U.S. intelligence services and not law enforcement. This book maps out how bureaucratic maneuvering in the aftermath of 9/11 led to the U.S. military/intelligence apparatus assuming primacy and garnering near exclusivity in the international aspect of U.S. counterterrorism policy. This ultimately resulted in the fundamental exclusion of some of the most powerful components of the vast international resources at the fingertips of U.S. law enforcement. The book argues that allowing this to happen was a big mistake — and an unnecessary one at that. The existing networks of international law enforcement are powerful in their own right, but globalization and concomitant worldwide reconfiguration of national sovereignty have greatly empowered inter-governmental networks (such as those of international law enforcement). This book asserts that law enforcement is especially conducive to the advantages aff orded to international networks because the “culture of the badge” provides an immediate basis of trust and commonality to build upon — a commonality that can transcend borders, politics, religion, ethnicity, and other categories of segregation. Furthermore, some international policing scholarship asserts that law enforcement entities seek their own autonomy away from centers of political power by striving to find better, more effi cient ways to serve the state and the public (corruption influences notwithstanding) and in so doing are given the leeway to do so. One way they do this is by engaging in informal means of doing business — seeking one-on-one interaction with foreign counterparts rather than going through multiple layers of bureaucracy and government. Those who work in international law enforcement understand implicitly and explicitly that using informal networks is how most international police business is accomplished — especially in this day and age of e-mail and cell phones. But it is not the power of the network alone that brings value added to transnational policing. It is the sheer volume of numbers of police that are dispersed throughout nearly every nation in the world — and who live and work at all levels of societies, from the back alleys and villages from where terrorism breeds to the wealthiest levels, from where political/religious terrorism is financed. It is the numbers of police combined with their mandates to gather and acquire information — whether for investigative or public security purposes. Police have always had a vested interest in gathering and tracking information about local troublemakers and criminal activity in order to maintain public order and, as such, are a natural resource of acquiring terrorism information — particularly in regard to cells which might be financing or otherwise supporting operations through criminal activity. It is the ability to conduct their business among multiple levels of societies and within populations at large which makes international law enforcement very likely the largest and most potent counterterrorism network on the face of the earth. Hence, the title of this work — The Blue Planet. The worldwide network of police is a formidable asset — made even more formidable by the investigative and arrest authorities bestowed upon U.S. law enforcement and its foreign counterparts. This book will demonstrate that the willful disregard of such a spectacularly valuable asset was not only foolhardy, but also served to deny the American public the measure of national security they would have been entitled had the process been honestly brokered and strategically considered. Instead, in spite of the best of intentions, the parochial interests of the most powerful agencies prevailed at the expense of our own citizens. Police can and do cooperate with one another internationally to combat transnational crime. Organizations such as Interpol and Europol exist for this purpose — but those organizations, while valuable, bring with them the burdens and inefficiencies of their own diplomatic formalities, rules, regulations, and procedures along with the accompanying bureaucracies of participating member governments. Informal policing has been around for even longer than formal arrangements, and evolved as an efficient means to deal with the internationalization of crime. Transnational terrorism is an extreme form of international crime, but it is very often supported by other types of organized criminal activity such as drug trafficking, weapons trading, and document fraud. One of the main objections from abroad of the U.S.’s conduct of the war on terrorism has been the perceived disregard for the “rule of law,” particularly among our European allies. While some critics might find the worldwide unification of law enforcement cause for concern, this work will argue that the potential for human rights abuses are far more likely under war conditions and intelligence operations than by globally enabled police. While the potential for human rights abuses certainly exists, national law enforcement elements respecting their own “rule of law” and the laws of counterpart nations will find the means to cooperate within existing legal frameworks. Th is work will also argue that international police cooperation is one way that weak nations can serve to build their own governmental infrastructures and contribute in a positive way to international relations. There will be those who will assert that the current manner in which the United States deals with gathering terrorism information from our present intelligence posture provides adequate worldwide coverage of the problem. But even a cursory analysis of the numbers of sources available to worldwide police networks versus rational estimates of intelligence assets will show those assertions to be implausible. There are also those who might argue that international police interaction is problematic because police are an instrument of force and are endowed with powers that can be abused. This concern is valid in that abuse of police powers can readily impact human rights. The idea of informal international police relationships that are unregulated and therefore lack accountability can seem a slippery slope. However, the trend since 9/11 has been to attempt to integrate law enforcement with functions of intelligence services — as what occurred in the United States with the FBI. This linkage is gaining acceptance and is being implemented throughout Europe but it is implicitly far more slippery. The intelligence service/law enforcement dichotomy is primarily one of legal versus extra-legal constructs. Intelligence services are extra-legal forces unconstrained by legality and matters of sovereignty — and they too can be, and often are, instruments of force. When the two are integrated, the idea of rule of law becomes moot because of the extra-legal prerogatives of intelligence services — “poisoning” the law enforcement function and therefore the rule of law. It is no coincidence that one of the hallmarks of a police state is the convergence of the legal policing and extra-legal intelligence functions. Law enforcement, on the other hand, is legally sanctioned and generally permitted to exercise its authorities for the benefit of the greater good. This work advocates solely for the legal and legitimate exercise of the rule of law through international police cooperation, whether through formal channels or through the much more powerful and effective informal networking. If a nation’s laws forbid informal police cooperation, so be it. But national governments should recognize the positive role that international police cooperation can serve — not the least of which is serving the right of the people (or the people of other nations) not to be exploited, molested, or harmed by external criminal forces. Eight years later we are still experiencing the after-eff ects of the 9/11 attacks. When the consequences can be nuclear, biological, or chemical, especially in these precarious times, can we afford to deny our public the benefits of such a powerful instrument of counterterrorism—the informal networks made available to U.S. law enforcement? Details: Washington, DC: National Defense Intelligence College, Center for Strategic Intelligence Research, 2010. 205p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 16, 2011 at: http://www.ndic.edu/press/pdf/18507.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.ndic.edu/press/pdf/18507.pdf Shelf Number: 121720 Keywords: Intelligence GatheringInternational CooperationInternational Law EnforcementInternational PolicingNational SecurityPolicing NetworksRule of LawTerrorism |
Author: Morbel, Richard Title: Prevention and Suppression of Organised Crime: Future Action Perspectives from a German and a European Angle Summary: According to Europol, there are some 4000 organised crime groups active in the EU with very differing organisational structures. Globalised and more intensive trade relations plus technological progress have made a considerable contribution to the internationalisation of their activities, which now transcend cultural, legal and economic limits. Yet the actual size of the threat posed by organised crime is difficult to asses; the greater part of criminal activities remains undetected. Criminal groups visualise Europe as a single area of action, which means that Europe needs a suppression approach which is correspondingly unified and in which the national policies of member states of the EU are integrated. This suppression approach should be both repressive and preventive in its focus and should be based on an overall strategy for internal security in the EU. A strategy of this kind should aim inter alia at a situation where transnational investigations are routine and where European institutions such as Europol and Eurojust are further strengthened. In the area of intergovernmental cooperation, a quantum leap is required: all law enforcement actors should be brought together in a broad European information and cooperation network. Priority must continue to be given to the reciprocal recognition of sentences, rulings and procedures, if necessary on the basis of further harmonisation measures for instance in the procedural area. Data protection should not be ignored in this process, but it needs to be modernised: all technological options should be fully exhausted to guarantee on the one hand adequate scope for weighing up alternatives while at the same time making possible the identification of misuse. What must then follow is the effective mobilisation of the political, economic and public sectors, which must be brought together in a broader opinion-forming process. For this reason the political sector must, in its own vital interest, not only support the combating of organised crime but give it active support. The funds made available by the EU will increase tenfold between 2006 and 2013 to around 150 Mio. Euro and can make an effective contribution to intensifying the efforts required. Finally, cooperation between law enforcement bodies should not stop at borders. Where criminal groups operate on a global basis, every effort should be made for countermeasures to be globally effective. The EU, with its specific experience in intergovernmental cooperation on security, can in the future and in its own interest adopt a pioneer role. Details: Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2007. 24p. Source: Compass 2020, Germany in international relations, Aims, instruments, prospects: Internet Resource: Accesssed March 10, 2012 at http://www.fes.de/kompass2020/pdf_en/Crime.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Europe URL: http://www.fes.de/kompass2020/pdf_en/Crime.pdf Shelf Number: 124414 Keywords: Crime Prevention (Europe)International CooperationInternational Law Enforcement CooperationOrganized Crime (Germany)Transnational Crime (Europe) |
Author: Lieberthal, Kenneth Title: Cybersecurity and U.S.-Chine Relations Summary: There is perhaps no relationship as significant to the future of world politics as that between the U.S. and China. And in their relationship, there is no issue that has risen so quickly and generated so much friction as cybersecurity. Distrust of each other’s actions in the cyber realm is growing and starting to generate deeply negative assessments of each country’s long term strategic intentions. During 2010-2011 Brookings’ John L. Thornton China Center and 21st Century Defense Initiative hosted a working group on cybersecurity and its impact on U.S.-China relations. The following paper draws from discussions in that working group and additional research to suggest how to take the particular characteristics of the cyber security realm into account while fostering U.S.-China cooperation on cybersecurity. Details: Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2012. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 10, 2012 at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2012/0223_cybersecurity_china_us_lieberthal_singer/0223_cybersecurity_china_us_lieberthal_singer_pdf_english.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2012/0223_cybersecurity_china_us_lieberthal_singer/0223_cybersecurity_china_us_lieberthal_singer_pdf_english.pdf Shelf Number: 124435 Keywords: Cybersecurity (U.S.) (China)International CooperationInternational Law Enforcement Cooperation |
Author: Monroy, Matthias Title: Using false documents against "Euro-anarchists": the exchange of Anglo-German undercover police highlights controversial police operations Summary: Examination of several recently exposed cases suggests that the main targets of police public order operations are anti‐globalisation networks, the climate change movement and animal rights activists. The internationalisation of protest has brought with it an increasing number of controversial undercover cross‐border police operations. In spite of questions about the legality of the methods used in these operations, the EU is working towards simplifying the cross‐border exchange of undercover officers, with the relevant steps initiated under the German EU presidency in 2007. In October 2010 [1], “Mark Stone,” a political activist with far‐reaching international contacts, was revealed to be British police officer Mark Kennedy [2] prompting widespread debate on the cross‐border exchange of undercover police officers. Activists had noted Kennedy’s suspicious behaviour during a court case and then came across his real passport at his home. Since 2003, the 41‐year‐old had worked for the National Public Order Intelligence Unit (NPOIU) [3], which had been part of the National Extremism Tactical Coordination Unit (NETCU) since 2003. The NPOIU was formed at the end of the 1990s to surveil anarchist and globalisation groups as well as animal rights activists. NPOIU and NETCU report to the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO), but recent media coverage [4] has led to the restructuring of undercover police operations in the UK with the Home Secretary withdrawing NPOIU’s mandate to lead. This decision follows on from the disclosure that some undercover officers had used sexual relationships in order to gain trust or extract information. Details: London: Statewatch, 2011. 16p. Source: Statewatch Analysis: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2012 at http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/no-146-undercover-exchange-protests.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/no-146-undercover-exchange-protests.pdf Shelf Number: 124474 Keywords: Intelligence GatheringInternational CooperationInternational Law EnforcementInternational PolicingPolice OperationsPolicingPolicing Networks |
Author: Dwan, Renata, ed. Title: Executive Policing: Enforcing the Law in Peace Operations Summary: The United Nations peace operations in Kosovo and East Timor are responsible for the enforcement of law and order, establishing local police forces, and protecting and promoting human rights. This executive authority distinguishes them from earlier missions where civilian police were deployed. In this book seven authors examine the legal and political implications, the training of international police in a multinational and multicultural context, the use of community policing, the crucial issue of cooperation between the military and the civilian police components, and what has been learned about planning for the handover to local authority. Details: Solna, Sweden: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2002. 156p. Source: SIPRI Research Report No. 16: Internet Resource: Accessed March 14, 2012 at http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR16.pdf Year: 2002 Country: International URL: http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR16.pdf Shelf Number: 124538 Keywords: Conflict and ViolenceInternational CooperationInternational Law Enforcement CooperationPeacekeepingPolitical Violence |
Author: Kontorovich, Eugene Title: Equipment Articles for the Prosecution of Maritime Piracy Summary: This paper will discuss how the adoption into treaty or municipal law of equipment articles could facilitate the prosecution of piracy. Equipment articles are rules that create a judicial presumption of guilt on piracy charges for the crews of civilian vessels possessing certain specified equipment within a certain defined area of the high seas plagued by pirate attacks. For example, equipment articles could create a presumption of pircay for people found on a vessel less than a certain length, with engines of a certain horsepower, equipped with grappling hooks, boarding ladders, armed with RPGs and/or heavy machine guns, and/or far out at sea with obviously inadequate stores of food and water (which could suggest the skiff operates from a mothership). The presence of all or some of these things would only be relevant to a finding of piracy for vessels within a predefined exclusion zone in the Gulf of Aden or Indian Ocean - not for the whole world. Such laws were crucial to the prosecution and suppression of the transatlantic slave trade in the 19th century, perhaps the greatest example of international legal cooperation before World War I. Equipment articles could help make the current naval cooperation in the suppression of piracy translate to an end of legal impunity. The promulgation of equipment articles could bolster the other principal legal anti-piracy policies under discussion. Such rules could be used in trials in national courts, regional tribunals, or specially created international courts. By lowering the cost of prosecution, equipment articles would encourage a broader range of countries, from India to the U.S., to prosecute pirates. This could reduce the human rights concerns surrounding such trials. A major advantage of the equipment articles is that they are a relatively low-cost and quick solution, compared to more long-term fixes like creating new international tribunals or stabilizing Somalia. After the idea was first mentioned in a briefing paper from the One Earth Future Foundation, United States Department officials have already expressed some interest. Part I of this discussion paper describes the use of equipment articles by numerous countries in the 19th century to bring slave traders to justice. Part II discusses modern treaties and municipal laws that take a similar approach to hish seas crimes by using vessel configuration or cargo as a proxy for hard-to prove criminal intent. Part III briefly considers the manner in which equipment articles can be promulgated, such as national legislation, treaty, or Security Council resolution, and concerns about establishing a criminal intent. Details: Broomfield, CO: One Earth Future Foundation, 2010. 10p. Source: Dicussion Paper: Internet Resource: Accessed February 14, 2012 at http://www.oneearthfuture.org/images/imagefiles/EQUIPMENT%20ARTICLES%20FOR%20THE%20PROSECUTION%20OF%20MARITIME%20PIRACY.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.oneearthfuture.org/images/imagefiles/EQUIPMENT%20ARTICLES%20FOR%20THE%20PROSECUTION%20OF%20MARITIME%20PIRACY.pdf Shelf Number: 124143 Keywords: International CooperationInternational Law Enforcement CooperationMaritime SecurityPiracyProsection |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: International Framework for Action To Implement the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol Summary: While 129 States, to date, have ratified the United Nations Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, giving effect to the Protocol remains a challenge in all regions. Most countries do not have dedicated action plans or strategies. Most commonly, migrant smuggling is partially addressed through efforts to combat irregular migration, by strengthening border controls and through efforts undertaken against transnational organized crime. Where migrants are simply detained and returned to countries of origin without the smuggling actors involved in their migration being investigated, the criminal processes at work continue unchallenged. Where border controls are strengthened without addressing the root causes of irregular migration and demand for smuggling services, the modus operandi of smugglers will simply adapt. Where opportunities to safely and regularly migrate are not offered as part of a holistic response to migrant smuggling alongside measures to address root causes of irregular migration, the demand for migrant smuggling services will only increase. These considerations highlight the need to elaborate an International Framework for Action to implement the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol (Framework for Action) to harmonize and coordinate a holistic and global response to the phenomenon in countries of origin, transit and destination. The purpose of the Framework for Action is to assist Member States and non-state actors in identifying and addressing gaps in their response to migrant smuggling in accordance with international standards. The Framework for Action unpacks provisions of the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol, drawing upon international instruments, political commitments, guidelines and best practices to enable the implementation of a comprehensive response to migrant smuggling. The Framework for Action consists of a narrative section and a set of tables. The Narrative describes the key challenges in the implementation of the Migrant Smuggling Protocol and elaborates guiding principles in responding to them. The set of tables details practical measures that can be taken in response of four key pillars: i) Prosecution of migrant smugglers; ii) Protection of smuggled migrants and their rights; iii) Prevention of migrant smuggling; iv) Cooperation to address migrant smuggling. For each of the four pillars, the Framework for Action is divided into: Protocol Objectives, which reflect the provisions of the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol; Specific Objectives, which explain the intent of the provisions; Framework Requirements, setting out minimum standards for action; Implementation Measures, which offer best practices to achieve effective implementation; and Operational Indicators, to measure implementation and help monitor change over time. Details: Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2011. 176p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 23, 2012 at http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Migrant-Smuggling/Framework_for_Action_Smuggling_of_Migrants.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Migrant-Smuggling/Framework_for_Action_Smuggling_of_Migrants.pdf Shelf Number: 124722 Keywords: Crime PreventionHuman SmugglingInternational CooperationMigrant SmugglingProsecutionVictims Services |
Author: Eurojust Title: Strategic Project on: "Enhancing the work of Eurojust in drug trafficking cases" - Final Results Summary: This report collects the results of the “Strategic Project on enhancing the work of Eurojust in drug trafficking cases”. A primary goal of the project, covering the two-year period 1 September 2008 to 30 August 2010, was to identify the main challenges and related solutions in Eurojust coordination meetings involving drug trafficking. A second objective was to prepare the workshops for the “Strategic Seminar on Drug Trafficking”, which took place in Krakow, Poland, on 5 and 6 October 2011. A third objective was to provide a sound basis for an Action Plan with recommendations on how to enhance Eurojust‟s work with national authorities and third States (see Appendix III of the report). The report is based on a quantitative analysis of the Eurojust Case Management System (CMS) and a qualitative analysis of materials available from Eurojust coordination meetings (findings, case evaluation forms, presentations, etc). The conclusions of these analyses have been further validated with the feedback received during the “Strategic Seminar on Drug Trafficking”, which is included in the conclusions of the present report. The analysis is necessarily restricted to available information on drug trafficking cases dealt with at Eurojust, and seeks to stimulate reflection and discussion. Clearly, it does not purport to provide analysis of all drug trafficking in the European Union, or of cross-border judicial cooperation in criminal cases generally. Details: The Hague, Netherlands: Eurojust, 2012. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2012 at http://eurojust.europa.eu/doclibrary/corporate/Casework%20publications/Enhancing%20the%20work%20of%20Eurojust%20in%20drug%20trafficking%20cases%20(Jan%202012)/drug-trafficking-report-2012-02-13-EN.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Europe URL: http://eurojust.europa.eu/doclibrary/corporate/Casework%20publications/Enhancing%20the%20work%20of%20Eurojust%20in%20drug%20trafficking%20cases%20(Jan%202012)/drug-trafficking-report-2012-02-13-EN.pdf Shelf Number: 125244 Keywords: Drug Trafficking (Europe)International CooperationTransnational Crime |
Author: Sethi, Dinesh Title: Preventing Injuries in Europe: From international collaboration to local implementation Summary: Injuries and violence are the third leading cause of death in the WHO European Region and pose a threat to economic and social development. This publication presents the results of a three-year collaborative project between WHO and the European Commission, funded by SANCO in the framework of the Public Health Programme (2003-2008), on progress achieved by European countries in implementing resolution EUR/RC 55/R9 and the European Council Recommendation on the prevention of injury and the promotion of safety. A web-based database of country profiles was developed using a questionnaire survey completed by health ministry focal people for preventing injury and violence. Information was provided on progress in delivering on key items of resolution EUR/RC 55/R9, on the implementation of 99 selected evidence-based programmes to prevent unintentional injuries and violence and on the cross-cutting risk factors of alcohol and socioeconomic inequality. There were responses from 47 of the 51 WHO European Member States that have focal people. Good progress is taking place, and resolution EUR/RC 55/R9 has catalysed change in 75% of the countries responding. The development of national policies for individual types of injury and violence varied from 95% for road safety to 40% for preventing drowning. Implementation of evidence-based programmes for preventing all types of injury and violence varied in countries, and the median score was 73% for all these together. This progress report documents that the health sector needs to commit more to the widespread implementation of effective programmes both in number and coverage and to engage with other stakeholders in a multisectoral response to prevent injuries and violence. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, 2010. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 27, 2013 at: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/96455/E93567.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/96455/E93567.pdf Shelf Number: 131723 Keywords: Crime PreventionEvidence-Based ProgramsInternational CooperationViolence (Europe)Violent CrimeWounds and Injuries |